Resolve Domain to IP

host

host -t a DOMAIN        # A record (IPv4)
host -t aaaa DOMAIN     # AAAA record (IPv6)

traceroute (sends pings)

traceroute example.com

With nmap, where -Pn skips the ping and assumes the host is up:

sudo nmap -sn --traceroute DOMAIN
sudo nmap -Pn -sn --traceroute DOMAIN

Netblocks

nmap -sn DOMAIN/24 | grep DOMAIN